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Scarabaeoidea of Southern South America Links |
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Scarab Guide Links
(goes to the University of Nebraska
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Classification |
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Brachysternus spectabilis Erichson, 1847
Brachysternus spectabilis Erichson 1847:100. |
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Figure 34a-c. Form of the male genitalia in Brachysternus spectabilis (lateral view of
parameres and apex of phallobase, caudal view of parameres, and ventral view of ventral
and lateral sclerites). |
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Map showing the distribution of B. angustus. |
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Description. Length: 18.7-23.8 mm. Width: 8.6-11.1 mm at base of elytra. Color:
Dorsally light to dark shiny green (occasionally castaneous or olivaceous), elytral margins
metallic brassy-green or green; clypeus tan or castaneous (female) or green (male),
pronotal margin occasionally tan; femora, tibiae, and sternites testaceous or castaneous;
pygidium metallic dark green or olivaceous green; propygidium and tergites brown or
testaceous. Head: Clypeal apex rectangular with broadly rounded corners, not constricted
at base; margins and apex weakly reflexed. Frons densely punctate; punctures moderately
large and large (mixed), some setose; setae hair-like or thickened laterally and at base
(sparse, short to moderately long, reddish) and thickened posterior to eye (moderately
dense, short, tawny or white). Clypeus confluently punctate to rugopunctate; punctures
moderate. Interocular width 3.2-3.8 (male) or 4.0-4.7 (female) transverse eye diameters.
Terminal segment of maxillary palpus (dorsally) weakly impressed or flattened from base
to about middle, segment subequal in length to segments 2-3. Antennal club subequal
in length to segments 1-7 (male) or segments 2-7 (female). Pronotum: Surface with
weakly impressed, median, longitudinal groove; disc and margins densely to confluently
punctate, rugopunctate in some places; punctures moderate to large, some setose; setae
thickened (long, reddish) and hair-like (short to moderately long, tawny, sometimes
abraded) moderately dense. Basal bead complete to just beyond posteriolateral angle.
Elytron: Surface with 1-5 poorly defined, punctate, longitudinal striae between suture
and humerus; punctures moderate and small (mixed), sparse (disc) and moderately dense
(margin at apex), some setose; setae thickened and long (sparse, tawny or reddish) or
short (sparse or moderately dense, tawny or white, may be abraded). Intervals with
similar sculpturing. Humeral umbone poorly developed, apical umbone occasionally
well-developed. Epipleuron flat, not expanded, marginal bead present; region from metacoxa
to apex setose; setae thickened, short and moderately long (mixed), dense, white
or reddish. Sutural angle square. Propygidium: Posterior margin with fringe of setae;
setae thickened, short, white. Supraspiracular ridge well-defined. Pygidium: Male: disc
and middle apex with hair-like setae (mixed, moderately long and long, moderately
dense, white) and punctures (small, moderately dense); margins and base with dense,
white, scale-like setae. Female: disc with broad, glabrous concavity as wide or wider
than emargination in terminal sternite, punctate at margins and at middle apex; punctures
small, some setose; setae on disc hair-like and thickened, white, moderately long and
long (mixed); margins and base with dense, white, scale-like setae. Venter: Sternum
densely clothed with long, tawny, setae; sternites with setae moderately dense, thickened,
white setae (less dense in female). Prosternal keel broadly triangular; apex projecting
anteriorly at about 458 with respect to ventral plane; apex produced to about middle of
protrochanter, blunt. Mesometasternum with apex rounded or weakly quadrate, not produced. Apex of terminal sternite in female deeply emarginated at middle.
Legs: Larger claws of male thickened, weakly bifurcate at subapex. Larger claws of
female with ventral tooth. Tarsomere 5 with well developed ventromedial tooth,
apex quadrate and acute. Metatibia with inner and outer edges straight, with
carinae; 1 at middle, 1 in apical third, carinae more developed in females; apical 1/5
weakly divergent (more so in females). Male genitalia: Figure 34a-c. |
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Diagnosis. Brachysternus spectabilis is most similar to B. angustus based
on the coloration, sculpturing, and presence in some specimens of a well developed
apical elytral umbone. However, it differs from B. angustus based on
the meso- and metafemora and tibia (some specimens have weak greenish
reflections rather than testaceous with green as in B. angustus), the moderately
dense and thickened setae on the sternites (rather than the dense, scale-like
setae as in B. angustus), the thickened setae posterior to eye (rather than scalelike
setae as in B. angustus), the overall size that is generally larger in B.
spectabilis (18.7-23.8 mm in B. spectabilis, 15.8-20.3 mm in B. angustus),
and the form of the ventral and lateral sclerites of the male genitalia.
Brachysternus spectabilis is also similar to B. prasinus, but is separated by:
the testaceous meso- and metafemora and tibia (some specimens have weak
greenish reflections; the meso- and metafemora are testaceous with green in
B. prasinus); setae posterior to eye thickened (scale-like in B. prasinus); form of the male genitalia; dorsal surface of the head and pronotum
that lack short, fine, erect setae (present in B. prasinus).
Some specimens of B. spectabilis could be confused with the "B. riverae"
morphotype of B. olivaceus (see "remarks" in the description of B. olivaceus).
Specimens of B. spectabilis are separated from this morphotype based on the
form of the supraspiracular ridge (poorly developed in B. olivaceus; well developed
in B. spectabilis, the form of the ventral sclerite of the
male genitalia, and the form of the female terminal
sclerite (moderately emarginate in B. olivaceus or deeply emarginate
in B. spectabilis). |
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Distribution (see map). Recorded from 70-1,900 m elevation from O’Higgins
to Aise´n, Chile and from Neuque´n to Chubut in western Argentina. |
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Locality Data. 201 specimens examined from AMNH, BCRC, CASC,
CMNC, CNCI, FMNH, GASC, LACM, MABC, MCZC, MGFT, MNNC,
PVGH, SEMC, UMRM, UNSM, USNM, VMDM, ZMHB.
ARGENTINA (8). CHUBUT (2): El Turbio, Lago Puelo. NEUQUEN (5):
La Angostura, Lago Huechulafquén, Parque Nacional Lanín, San Martín de
los Andes. RIO NEGRO (1): El Bolsón.
CHILE (159). AISEN (5): Coyhaigue, Lago Risopatrón, Parque Nacional
Río Simpson, Puerto Aisén, Río Palos. ARAUCO (6): Arauco, Contulmo, Peillén Pillé, Pichinahuel. BIO-BIO (1): No Data. CAUTIN (29): Cherquenco,
Cunco, Fundo La Selva (48 km NW Nueva Imperial), Lago Caburga, Lago
Pirehueico, Pucón, Temuco, Villarrica, No Data. CHILOE (4): Puntra, Terao,
No Data. CONCEPCION (1): Fundo Pinares. CURICO (1): Las Trancas.
LLANQUIHUE (5): Hornohuinco, Lago Chapo, Maullín, Puerto Montt. MALLECO
(14): Angol (17 km W), Cordillera de Las Raíces, Curacautín, Laguna
San Pedro, Lonquimay, Malleco, Manzanar, Palo Botado, Purén, Victoria (15
km W). ÑUBLE (11): Chillán, Las Trancas. O’HIGGINS (1): Las Nieves.
OSORNO (18): Antillanca, Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue, Puaucho (14.5
km W), Pucatrihue, Rupanco. SANTIAGO (4): El Roble. VALDIVIA (27):
Chauquén, Corral, El Azaval, Lanco, La Unión (34 km WNW), Las Lajas (W La Unión), Llancahué, Pirihueico, Puerto Fuy (Lago Pirihueico), Río Gol-gol,
Río Licán, Valdivia. VALPARAISO (8): Quilpué, Valparaíso. NO DATA (24). NO DATA (34). |
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Temporal Data. January (30), February (18), March (6), October (10), November
(16), December (56). |
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Natural History. Brachysternus spectabilis has been recorded from Valdivian
rainforest, mixed evergreen forest, mixed Nothofagus forest, mixed remnant
forest, and selectively cut forest. Germain (1905:482) reported this species
flying at night and found on the leaves of Nothofagus (then considered Fagus).
Adults have been captured using ultraviolet lights at night, flight intercept
traps, and by "car netting." |
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Remarks. Several names have been proposed for this species, perhaps partially
due to a lack of communication. Philippi and Philippi (1864) and Germain
(1905) were Chilean workers and were apparently unaware of Erichson’s
work (1847). Neither Philippi and Philippi nor Germain discussed B. spectabilis
Erichson. In "The Fauna of Peru," Erichson (1847) described B. spectabilis based on specimens that were probably mislabeled as "Peru." Solier
(1851) and Blanchard (1851) commented that "Entomologists frequently confuse
insect collections originating from the two regions (Peru and Chile) even
though they are so different." This was apparently a common mistake at the
time, perhaps due to the recent changes in the political borders and regional
name changes of the area. Philippi and Philippi (1864) created two names for
B. spectabilis (B. major and B. obscurus), and Germain (1905) created the
name B. philippii. |
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Literature cited:
Blanchard, C. E. 1851. Ordre des Coleoptera [pp. 129-240]. In: Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la Collection Entomologique. Classe des Insectes,
vol. 1, part 2 (H. Milne-Edwards, C. E. Blanchard, and H. Lucus, editors). Gide
and Baudry, Paris.
Erichson, W. F. 1847. Conspectus Insectorum Coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana
observata sunt. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 13:67-185.
Germain, P. 1905. Apuntes entomológicos. Anales de la Universidad, Republica de Chile
115:449-506. ["1904"]
Philippi, R. A., and F. Philippi 1864. Beschreibung einiger neuen Chilenischen Ka¨fer.
Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 25:313-406.
Solier, A. J. J. 1851. Orden III. Coleopteros [pp. 5-285]. In: Historia Fisica y Politica
de Chile. Zoología, vol. 5 (C. Gay, editor). C. Gay, Paris. 564 pp. |
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Excerpt from:
Jameson, M. L. and A. B. T. Smith. 2002. Revision of the South American genus Brachysternus Guérin-Ménville (Coleoptera: Ruteliinae: Anoplognathini: Brachysternina). Coleopterists Bulletin 56: 321-366. |
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