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Scarabaeoidea of Southern South America Links |
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Scarab Guide Links
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Brachysternus prasinus Guérin-Méneville, 1831
Brachysternus prasinus Guérin-Méneville, 1831 |
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Brachysternus prasinus Guérin-Méneville.
Illustration by Dan Schmidt. |
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Figure 33a-g. Form of the male genitalia in Brachysternus prasinus (lateral view of
parameres and apex of phallobase, caudal view of parameres, and ventral view of ventral
and lateral sclerites). |
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Map showing the distribution of B. prasinus. |
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Description. Length: 16.3-23.2 mm. Width: 7.6-11.5 mm at base of elytra. Color:
Dorsally shiny apple green or lime green (occasionally with tan, turquoise, light blue,
or purplish), elytral margins metallic brassy-green; clypeal apex tan or castaneous with
metallic green shine; pronotal margins tan with metallic green shine; tibiae, profemur,
and sternites shiny testaceous; meso- and metafemora testaceous with metallic green,
meso- and metatibia testaceous, with or without metallic green; pygidium testaceous
with metallic green, metallic green, or olivaceous green; propygidium and tergites castaneous.
Head: Clypeal apex semicircular to rectangular with broadly rounded
corners, not constricted at base; margins and apex weakly reflexed at tip. Frons densely
punctate, nearly contiguous; punctures moderately large (a few large punctures at sides
of base), some setose; lateral setae hair-like or thickened (sparse to moderately dense,
moderately long, tawny), setae posterior to eye scale-like or thickened (dense or moderately
dense, short, white or tawny). Clypeus contiguously punctate or rugopunctate;
punctures mixed, moderately large and large. Interocular width 3.7-4.2 transverse eye
diameters (male) or 4.9-6.1 (female). Terminal segment of maxillary palpus (dorsally)
weakly impressed to moderately depressed from base to middle or apical third, segment
subequal in length to segments 2-3. Antennal club subequal in length to segments 1-7
(male) or subequal in length to segments 2-7 (female). Pronotum: Punctate and with
weakly impressed median, longitudinal groove; punctures in groove moderately dense
to dense, punctures laterad of groove sparse to moderately dense, punctures mesad of
margin dense to contiguous, punctures at margin moderately dense; punctures mixed,
moderately large and large, setose; large punctures with setae mixed, hair-like and thickened,
moderately long and long, tawny; moderate punctures with setae hair-like, minute
to short, tawny (setae sometimes abraded), setae at base and apex occasionally scalelike.
Basal bead complete to just beyond posteriolateral angle. Elytron: Surface with 5-6 punctate, longitudinal striae between suture and humerus; punctures moderate (some
moderately large at apex), moderately dense (margins and apex) and sparse (disc), some
setose; setae thickened (moderately long and long [mixed], sparse or moderately dense,
tawny), occasionally scale-like at apex and near suture, occasionally with fine and minute
setae (in newly emerged specimens). Intervals with similar sculpturing. Humeral and
apical umbone poorly developed. Epipleuron flat, not expanded, marginal bead
present; region from metacoxa to apex setose; setae scale-like or thickened, short and
moderately long, dense, white. Sutural angle square. Propygidium: Posterior margin with
fringe of setae; setae scale-like or thickened, short, white. Supraspiracular ridge well
developed. Pygidium: Male: disc and middle apex with hair-like setae (mixed,
moderately long and long, moderately dense, tawny) and punctures (small, sparse or
moderately dense); lateral margin and base with scale-like setae (dense, white). Female:
disc weakly depressed longitudinally, punctate at margins and at middle apex; punctures
mixed, small and moderate, setose; setae on disc thickened, white, moderately long and
long (mixed), sparse or moderately; setae at base and lateral margin scale-like, dense, white. Venter: Sternum moderately densely or densely clothed with hair-like setae and/or scale-like setae; sternites moderately densely clothed with thickened and/or scale-like,
white, moderately long setae (less dense in female). Prosternal keel broadly triangular;
apex projecting anteriorly at about 458 with respect to ventral plane; apex produced to
protrochanter, apex blunt. Mesometasternum with apex quadrate, weakly produced beyond
middle or apex of mesocoxa. Apex of terminal sternite in female deeply emarginated
at middle. Legs: Larger claws of male thickened, weakly bifurcate
at apex. Larger claws of female with ventral tooth. Tarsomere 5 with poorly developed
ventromedial tooth, apex rounded. Metatibia with inner and outer edges straight,
with 2 carinae; 1 in basal third (poorly developed), 1 at apical third (moderately developed
in males, well developed in females); apical 1/6 weakly divergent (more so in
females). Male genitalia: Figure 33a-g. |
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Diagnosis. Brachysternus prasinus is the most common of all Brachysternus
species and is also the most variable in terms of color, setae, and punctation.
This species is distinguished from other species of Brachysternus based on the
following combination of characters: clypeus tan or castaneous (rarely green)
and reflexed only at the tip; mesometasternal projection quadrate and produced
to the middle or apex of the mesocoxa; elytral epipleuron not expanded; protarsomere 5 (male) with ventromedial tooth blunt at apex;
elytron without well developed humeral and apical umbones; supraspiracular
ridge well developed.
Due to the wide range of variability, we contrast each species of Brachysternus with B. prasinus for ease of diagnosis. Brachysternus spectabilis is
separated from B. prasinus based on the following: form of the ventral sclerites
of the male genitalia, clypeus green and reflexed more
broadly, mesometasternal projection produced to only the base of the mesocoxae,
region posterior to eye with thickened setae rather than scalelike
setae, meso- and metafemora and meso- and metatibia testaceous (sometimes
with weak greenish reflections) rather than testaceous with green.
Brachysternus marginatus is separated from B. prasinus based on the following:
margin of elytron with epipleuron expanded and lacking marginal bead, pronotal disc with small and sparse punctures, inner
margin of metatibia bowed inwardly, form of the ventral sclerites of the male
genitalia. Brachysternus olivaceus is separated from B. prasinus based on the following: pygidium at base and margins with hair-like setae
rather than thickened or scale-like setae, supraspiracular
ridge poorly developed rather than well developed, antennal club slightly
longer than segments 1-7 (male) or subequal to segments 1-7 (female),
interocular width 2.8-3.3 transverse eye diameters in males or 4.5-5.5 in females.
Brachysternus patagoniensis is separated from B. prasinus based on
the following: metatibia with inner edge bowed inwardly rather than
straight, form of the ventral sclerites of the male genitalia, clypeus
that is weakly constricted at the base, and elytral margin with dense,
long, hair-like setae. Brachysternus angustus is separated from B. prasinus based on the following: elytron with apical umbone well developed, clypeus
green, and the form of the male genitalia.
Because of the great amount of variation in B. prasinus, many names have
been proposed for various morphotypes. We have studied two morphotypes of
B. prasinus that warrant discussion. Specimens of one variant, from the provinces
of Maule (Carrizalillo and Constitución) and Talca (Alto de Vilches) in
Chile, are more densely setose dorsally (setae usually orange), darker metallic
green dorsally, and darker ventrally (nearly castaneous). We believe that this morphotype is within the range of variation observed in other populations of
B. prasinus. Additionally, localities where specimens of this morphotype were
collected also yielded the "typical" B. prasinus morphotype.
Another variant is the "B. riverae" morphotype of B. olivaceus. This variant
is more sparsely punctate on the head and elytra than typical B. olivaceus. The
type series of B. riverae was, in fact, a mixed series including the lectotype
and a paralectotype that are conspecific with B. olivaceus and a paralectotype
that is conspecific with B. prasinus. Specimens of the "B. riverae" morphotype
are distributed over a wide range of localities that coincide with B. prasinus.
We believe that variation observed in the "B. riverae" morphotype is within
the range of variation of B. prasinus. Specimens of B. prasinus are separated
from specimens of the "B. riverae" morphotype and specimens of B. olivaceus by the well developed supraspiracular ridge (present in B. prasinus,
poorly developed in B. olivaceus and the "B. riverae" morphotype). |
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Distribution (see map). Recorded from sea level to 2,000 m elevation from
Coquimbo to Llanquihue, Chile and from Neuquén to Chubut in western Argentina. |
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Locality Data. 852 specimens examined from AMNH, BCRC, CASC,
CMNC, CMNH, CNCI, FMNH, FSCA, GASC, KSUC, LACM, MABC,
MCZC, MGFT, MIZA, MLJC, MNHN, MNNC, OSAC, PVGH, SEMC,
UMRM, USNM, VMDM, ZMHB, ZMUH.
ARGENTINA (47). CHUBUT (10): El Turbio, Esquel, Lago Fontana, Parque
Nacional Los Alerces, No Data. NEUQUEN (26): Arroyo Quechuquina,
Copahue, La Angostura, Lago Espejo, Lago Hermoso, Parque Nacional Lanín,
Pucará, Río Litran, San Martín de los Andes. RIO NEGRO (10): Bariloche,
El Bolson, Isla Victoria, Llao Llao, Río Villegras. NO DATA (1).
CHILE (788). ARAUCO (39): Arauco, Caramávida, Caramávida (20 km
W), Contulmo, Peillén Pillé. BIO-BIO (19): Cobquecura, El Abanico. CAUTIN (44): Cherquenco, Curacautín, El Secreto Bog, Fundo El Coigue, Fundo
La Selva, Galvarino, Huife, Loncoche (12.3 km N), Pucón, Pucón (14 km SE),
Río Cautín, Temuco, Temuco (20 km E), Villarrica, Villarrica (30 km NE).
COLCHAGUA (3): Tanumé. CONCEPCION (41): Collico Norte, Concepción,
Fundo Pinares, Nonguén, Penco. COQUIMBO (3): El Pangue, La Serena. CURICO (27): Cordillera Curicó, Cubillo, El Coigo, Las Tablas, Las Trancas, Los
Queñes (6 km E), Palos Negros. LINARES (26): El Emboque, Estero Leiva,
Linares, Parral. LLANQUIHUE (14): Cayetue, Maullín, Puerto Varas. MALLECO
(96): Angol, Collipolli (23 km E), Cordillera Las Raíces, Cordillera
Nahuelbuta, Curacautín, Lago Galletué, Laguna de Icalma, Laguna San Pedro,
Liucura, Lonquimay, Manzanar, Manzanar (20 km E), Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta,
Pino Hachado, Selva Obscura, Termas de Tolhuaca, Victoria, Villa
Portales, Villa Portales (20 km E). MAULE (75): Carrizalillo, Cauquenes, Cayurranquil,
Constitución, Curanipe, Curanipe (15 km E), El Pantanillo, Fundo
El Rosal, Paso García, Río Teno, Tregualemo. ÑUBLE (74): Alto Tregualemu,
Bulnes, Chillán, Cobquecura, El Abanico, Las Trancas, Los Lleuques, Piedras
Comadres, Puente Marchant, Recinto, Recinto (13 km E), San Carlos (50 km
E). O'HIGGINS (3): Las Cabras, Las Nieves. OSORNO (25): Anticura, Chanchan,
Entre Lagos, Maicolpué, Osorno, Parque Nacional Puyehue. SANTIAGO
(69): Alto de Cantillana, Bucalemu, Cantillana, Cuesta La Dormida, El
Roble, Fundo Pinares, La Dormida, Melipilla, Santiago, Villa Alhue´. TALCA
(117): Alto de Vilches, Pencahue, Rari. VALDIVIA (39): Corral, Lago Pirehueico,
Licanray, Liquiñe, Llancahue, Panguipulli, Pucura, Puerto Fuy (Lago Pirihueico), Río Licán, Valdivia. VALPARAI´SO (8): Campanita, Casablanca,
Limache, Valparaı´so. NO DATA (66).
NO DATA (17). |
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Temporal Data. January (162), February (51), March (21), June (1), August
(2), September (7), October (95), November (108), December (271). |
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Natural History. Brachysternus prasinus has been recorded in various Nothofagus
forests (often referred to as Valdivian rainforest). Adults have been
captured at night using ultraviolet light. |
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Remarks. This variable species has gone by many species names since its
description over 170 years ago. In fact, Guérin-Méneville created two synonyms
for his B. prasinus (a species that he described): B. fulvipes and B.
vicinus. These species were reduced to varieties by Blanchard (1851) and by
Harold (1869), respectively. We studied the lectotypes of B. fulvipes and B.
vicinus and determined that they are both conspecific with B. prasinus.
Within the literature that deals with Brachysternus, much confusion has
surrounded the name "B. viridis" (see section on "Taxonomic History of the
Genus Brachysternus"). The confusion was created early in the history of the
genus, and it has been perpetuated to this day. In his "Histoire Naturelle des
Insectes Coléopteres," Laporte (1840) discussed the genus Brachysternus and
placed two species in the genus: B. "viridis" Guérin-Méneville (lapsus calami)
and a new species, Brachysternus castaneus (now Aulacopalpus castaneus).
Laporte correctly cited Guérin-Méneville's publication, pagination, and plate
number for B. prasinus, but he incorrectly referred to the species as B. "viridis"
Guérin-Méneville. Because Laporte correctly cited Guérin-Méneville's
publication and made no reference to B. prasinus, we believe that Laporte
simply made a mistake in using the name B. "viridis" Guérin-Méneville. The
name does not appear to be used as a replacement name and does not appear
to be used as a new species name. Instead, Laporte seems to have grossly
misspelled the species name. This mistake resulted in much taxonomic confusion
within Brachysternus. Subsequent authors (Burmeister 1844; Blanchard
1851; Solier 1851; Lacordaire 1856) followed Laporte's mistake and cited the
name as "B. viridis Guérin-Méneville." In each of these instances, the authors
cited Guérin-Méneville's publication, pagination, and plate number for B. prasinus,
but they used the incorrect name "B. viridis." Because these authors
correctly cited Guérin-Méneville's publication, pagination, and plate number
for B. prasinus, we believe that references to "B. viridis Guérin-Méneville"
were intended to be redescriptions (or merely catalog listings) of B. prasinus Guérin-Méneville; they were not intended to be descriptions of a new species.
In addition, Lacordaire (1856) erroneously stated that "B. viridis Guérin-Méneville" was the type of the genus Brachysternus, even though Guérin-Méneville (1844) specifically stated that B. prasinus was the type of the genus.
Philippi (1861) was the first to report that "B. viridis" was an erroneous
name for B. prasinus Guérin-Méneville, and he clarified this in his publication.
Philippi and Philippi (1864) restated this fact in their paper on new Chilean
chafers. One would have thought that this would have terminated the use of
"B. viridis" within the nomenclature. However, in his work on the genus
Brachysternus, Germain (1905) entered the name into nomenclature as an
available name by clearly indicating that "B. viridis sensu Solier" (1851) was
an entity separate from B. prasinus and by providing thorough descriptions of
both species. Germain (1905) was aware that "B. viridis Guérin-Méneville"
had been misapplied to B. prasinus Guérin-Méneville, but he believed that
Solier's concept of "B. viridis" differed from B. prasinus:
"This species [B. viridis], which is the one most frequently encountered
in Chile, and which, in 1851 was described by Solier in the work of Gay,
has been considered erroneously by many entomologists as a synonym of
Br. prasinus that . . . Guérin described in the "Voyage de la Coquille."
These two species: viridis (Sol.) and prasinus (Guér.), are distinct without
a doubt; and I am going to explain the confusion" (Germain 1905: 487,
translated from Spanish).
Germain discussed the differences between B. prasinus and "B. viridis sensu
Solier" and gave a lengthy description for "B. viridis Solier." Solier (1851)
intended to redescribe B. prasinus, and Germain (1905) intended to describe
B. viridis as a new species that was distinct from all other known species in
the genus. Thus, Germain's description constitutes a valid description of the
species (see Article 12.2.1, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
[1999]). Because the name "B. viridis Guérin-Méneville" was a lapsus calami (thus not an available name), Germain was the first to enter the name into
nomenclature as an available name. Solier is incorrectly attributed as the author
of "B. viridis" by Germain (1905); Ohaus (1909, 1918); Blackwelder (1944);
Gutierrez (1947, 1949); and Machatschke (1965, 1972). We credit Germain as
the correct author, thus the species should be cited: B. viridis Germain (not
"B. viridis Guérin-Méneville" or "B. viridis Solier"). We consider this name
a synonym of B. prasinus.
Ohaus (1918) attributed Laporte as the author for "B. viridis," but it is clear
to us that Laporte (1840) was not describing a new species. Laporte was clearly
trying to redescribe B. prasinus Guérin-Méneville (correctly citing Guérin-
Méneville's publication, pagination, and plate number for B. prasinus). Instead,
he mistakenly used the incorrect specific epithet "viridis." Thus, B. viridis Laporte is a lapsus calami (incorrect subsequent spelling).
Besides B. viridis, Germain (1905) created three other species names for B.
prasinus: B. dilatatus, B. pubescens, and B. sinuatifrons. Germain named B.
dilatatus based on six males and one female. The specific epithet "dilatatus"
was a manuscript name used by Philippi (the lectotype bears a label that says
"p. 1425", probably with reference to Philippi's manuscript). This species was
described based on color of the clypeus (red and green) and color of the femur.
We have found that color is variable for the species. Based on examination of
the lectotype, we determined that this taxon is conspecific with B. prasinus. Germain (1905) described B. pubescens based on three males. He stated that
B. pubescens was most similar to B. "viridis." Based on examination of the
type specimens, we determined that B. pubescens is conspecific with B. prasinus. Brachysternus sinuatifrons Germain (1905) was named based on one
female specimen that he differentiated from other Brachysternus based on elytral
coloration and punctation (characters that we have found are variable for
the species). Based on examination of the type specimen, we determined that
B. sinuatifrons is simply a poorly developed specimen with unusual coloration.
A label (in French) on the specimen corroborates this view "insuffisance colorié et mal devel." Thus, we believe that B. sinuatifrons is conspecific with
B. prasinus. |
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Literature cited:
Blanchard, C. E. 1851. Ordre des Coleoptera [pp. 129-240]. In: Muséum d'Histoire
Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la Collection Entomologique. Classe des Insectes,
vol. 1, part 2 (H. Milne-Edwards, C. E´ . Blanchard, and H. Lucus, editors). Gide
and Baudry, Paris.
Burmeister, H. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie, vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin.
586 pp.
Germain, P. 1905. Apuntes entomológicos. Anales de la Universidad, Republica de Chile
115:449-506. ["1904"]
Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1844. Iconographie du Régne Animal de G. Cuvier, ou Représentation d'après Nature de L'une des Espèces les plus Remarquables et souvent
non encore Figurees, de Chaque Genre d'Animaux, vol. 3. J. B. Baillière, Paris.
576 pp.
Gutiérrez, R. 1947. Escarabajos comunes a Chile y la Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad
Entomolo´gica Argentina 13:309-314.
Gutiérrez, R. 1949. Notas sobre Scarabaeidae Neotropicos. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 148:9-35.
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Excerpt from:
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