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1.
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Antennal
club 3-8 segmented, symmetrical, usually lamellate (figs.
1-7). Head not covered by prothorax. Forecoxae
large, strongly transverse or conical and projecting below prosternum.
Foretibiae flattened with one or more teeth on outer
edge. Tarsi with 5 distinct segments, none of which
is lobed or densely pubescent |
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![](images/4.gif) |
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![](images/6.gif) |
![](images/7.gif) |
Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
7 |
Figures
1-7. Right antenna dorsal view of: (1) Diphyllostoma
sp. (Diphyllostomatidae), (2) Platycerus
sp. (Lucanidae), (3) Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Passalidae), (4) Hybosorus illigeri (Hybosoridae),
(5) Pleocoma sp. (Pleocomidae), (6)
Bradycinetulus sp. (Geotrupidae), (7)
Euphoria sp. (Scarabaeidae). |
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2
(1). |
Antennae
with 11 segments (figs. 5,6) |
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Figures
5-6. Right antenna dorsal view of: (5) Pleocoma
sp. (Pleocomidae), (6) Bradycinetulus
sp. (Geotrupidae). |
2'.
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Antennae
with fewer than 11 segments (figs. 1-4, 7) |
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
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Figure
7 |
Figures 1-4,
7. Right antenna dorsal view of: (1) Diphyllostoma
sp. (Diphyllostomatidae), (2) Platycerus
sp. (Lucanidae), (3) Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Passalidae), (4) Hybosorus illigeri (Hybosoridae),
(7) Euphoria sp. (Scarabaeidae). |
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3(2). |
Antennal
club with 4-7 elongate segments (fig. 5) |
Pleocomidae |
![](images/5.gif)
Figure
5. Right antenna dorsal view of: Pleocoma sp. (Pleocomidae).
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3'.
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Antennal
club with 3 circular or oval segments (fig. 6) |
Geotrupidae |
Figure 6. Right
antenna dorsal view of: Bradycinetulus sp. (Geotrupidae).
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4(2).
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Body
capable of being rolled into a contracted sphere (fig. 8). Middle
and posterior tibiae flattened and dilated |
Hybosoridae-
Ceratocanthinae |
![](images/8.gif)
Figure
8. Ceratocanthus sp. lateral view (Ceratocanthidae).
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4'.
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Body
oblong, not capable of being rolled into a sphere. Middle
and posterior tibiae not significantly flattened and dilated |
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5
(4).
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Mesotibia
at apex with longer spur pectinate along one edge (fig. 9) |
Ochodaeidae |
Figure 9. Spur
at apex of mesotibia of Ochodaeus sp. (Ocodaeidae) (pectinate).
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5'.
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Mesotibia
at apex with spurs simple, not pectinate (fig. 10) |
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Fig. 10. Spur
at apex of mesotibia of Pleocoma sp. (Pleocomidae) (simple).
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6
(5).
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Segments
of antennal club not capable of being tightly closed
together (figs. 1-3) |
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Figure
1
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Figure
2 |
Figure
3 |
Figures 1-3.
Right antenna dorsal view of: (1) Diphyllostoma
sp. (Diphyllostomatidae), (2) Platycerus
sp. (Lucanidae), (3) Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Passalidae). |
6'
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Segments of
antennal club capable of being closed together (figs.
4-7) |
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Figure
4 |
Figure
5 |
Figure
6 |
Figure
7 |
Figures 4-7.
Right antenna dorsal view of: (4) Hybosorus illigeri
(Hybosoridae), (5) Pleocoma sp. (Pleocomidae),
(6) Bradycinetulus sp. (Geotrupidae), (7)
Euphoria sp. (Scarabaeidae). |
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7
(6).
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Mentum
deeply emarginate (fig. 11). Head often with central,
anterior horn (fig. 12) |
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Figure. 11.
Ventral view of mentum (M) of Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Passalidae) (apex deeply emarginate). Figure 12. Head of Odontotaenius
disjunctus (Illiger).
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7'.
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Mentum
simple, not deeply emarginate (fig. 13). Head without
central horn |
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Figure 13.
Ventral view of mentum (M) of Lucanus sp. (Lucanidae) (apex
simple, truncate). |
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8
(7).
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First
antennal segment much longer than segments 2 and 3 together
(figs. 2, 14). Antenna geniculate (fig. 2) (exception:
straight or weakly geniculate in Ceruchus, fig. 14) |
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Figures 2,
14. Right antenna dorsal view of (2) Platycerus sp. (Lucanidae)
and (14) Ceruchus piceus. |
8'.
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First
antennal segment subequal to segments 2 and 3 together (fig.
1). Antenna not geniculate (fig. 2) |
Diphyllostomatidae |
Figures 1, 2.
Right antenna dorsal view of: (1) Diphyllostoma sp. (Diphyllostomatidae),
(2) Platycerus sp. (Lucanidae). |
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9
(6).
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Antennal
club with 3 segments, first segment hollowed out to receive
second segment (fig. 4) |
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![](images/4.gif)
Figure
4. Right antenna dorsal view of Hybosorus illigeri
(Hybosoridae). |
9'.
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Antennal
club with 3-7 segments, first segment simple, not hollowed
out to receive second segment (e.g., fig. 7) |
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Figure 7. Right
antenna dorsal view of Euphoria sp. (Scarabaeidae). |
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10
(9).
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Abdomen
with 5 ventral sclerites (fig. 15). Dorsal surface
roughened or tuberculate, not shining |
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Figure 15.
Abdomen and posterior leg of Omorgus sp. (Trogidae).
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10'.
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Abdomen
with 6 ventral sclerites (fig. 16). Dorsal surface
variably sculptured, shining or not |
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Figure 16.
Abdomen and posterior leg of Copris sp. (Scarabaeidae).
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11
(10).
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Antenna
9-segmented |
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11'.
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Antenna
10-segmented |
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12
(11).
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Eyes
not divided by canthus (fig. 17). Clypeus with sides
narrowing to apex. Color brown, gray, or black. Metafemora
and metatibia not enlarged, not covering abdomen |
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![](images/17.gif)
Figure
17. Dorsal view of head of Omorgus (eyes not divided by
canthus). |
12'.
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Eyes
divided by prominent canthus (fig. 18). Clypeus with
sides subparallel to divergent before apex. Color
testaceous to light reddish brown. Metafemora and
metatibia enlarged, covering most of abdomen |
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Figure 18.
Dorsal view of head of Glaresis (eyes divided by prominent
canthus).
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13
(10).
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Elytra
shortened and widely divergent at apex, not covering pygidium (fig.
19) (except in L. lupina). Eighth abdominal segment
with spiracle |
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![](images/19.jpg)
Figure
19. Lichnanthe rathvoni LeConte (Glaphyridae). |
13'.
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Elytra
not shortened and widely divergent at apex, pygidium exposed or not.
Eighth abdominal segment lacking spiracle |
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14
(13).
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Pygidium
completely (or nearly so) covered by apex of elytra.
Length 1.5-13.0 mm |
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14'.
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Pygidium
completely exposed. Length longer than 5.0 mm |
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15
(14).
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Antennal
insertion visible from above (clypeus with
sides constricted medially just before eyes) (fig. 20) |
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Figure 20.
Head and antenna (dorsal view) of Euphoria sp. showing
clypeal sides constricted and with antennal insertion visible.
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15'.
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Antennal
insertion not visible from above (clypeus
with sides not constricted) |
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16
(15).
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Abdominal
sternites distinctly narrowed at midline (fig. 16); length
of all sternites shorter than length of metasternum. Scutellum
usually hidden |
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![](images/16.gif)
Figure
16. Abdomen and posterior leg of Copris sp. (Scarabaeinae).
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16'.
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Abdominal
sternites normal, not narrowed at midline; length of all
sternites longer than length of metasternum. Scutellum
usually visible |
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17
(16).
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Claws
of both middle and posterior tarsi unequal in length and
independently movable (fig. 25) (exception: all legs in Leptohoplia
with only claw or with one claw greatly reduced) |
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17'.
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Claws
of both middle and posterior tarsi equal in length and not
independently movable (figs. 26-28) (exception: posterior tarsi in
Hoplia with only one claw) |
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Figure
25 |
Figure
26 |
Figure
27 |
Figure
28 |
Figures 25-28.
(25) Claws of posterior tarsi of Anomala
sp. (Rutelinae) (claws simple and unequal in length). Claws of
posterior tarsi of: (26) Xyloryctes jamaicensis
(Dynastinae) (claws simple and equal in length), (27)
Polyphylla sp. (Melolonthinae), (28)
Dichelonyx sp. (Melolonthinae) (claws cleft or toothed
and equal in length).
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18
(17).
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Claws
of middle and posterior tarsi simple (fig. 26). Base of pronotum
and elytra subequal in width. Apex of posterior tibia
always with 2 spurs. Mandibles often exposed in dorsal
view |
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18'.
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Claws
of middle and posterior tarsi cleft, toothed (figs. 27-28),
or simple (if simple, base of pronotum much narrower
than base of elytra). Apex of posterior tibia with
1-2 spurs or spurs absent. Mandibles hidden in dorsal
view |
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Figure
26 |
Figure
27 |
Figure
28 |
Figures
26-28. Claws of posterior tarsi of: (26) Xyloryctes jamaicensis
(Dynastinae) (claws simple and equal in length), (27)
Polyphylla sp. (Melolonthinae), (28) Dichelonyx
sp. (Melolonthinae) (claws cleft or toothed and equal in length).
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19
(18).
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Mandibles
and labrum projecting anteriorly beyond clypeus,
visible in dorsal view. Metatibial spines separated
by base of tarsomere 1 (fig. 29) |
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19'.
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Mandibles
and labrum not projecting anteriorly beyond clypeus,
not visible in dorsal view. Metatibial spines adjacent,
not separated by base of tarsomere 1 (fig. 30) |
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Figures 29,
30. Metatibial apex showing metatibial spurs of: (29) Aegidium
(spurs separated by base of tarsomere 1), (30) Ancognatha
(spurs adjacent, not separated by tarsomere 1). |
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20
(19).
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Prosternal
projection (posterior to procoxae) produced to level of procoxae,
conical. Venter with abundant, long, tawny setae
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20'.
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Prosternal
projection (posterior to procoxae) triangular, produced to
middle of procoxae. Venter without abundant, long
setae |
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