References:
Hwang, S. -M. -R. 2011. The Dynastini of the World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Nature & Ecology (Academic Series), Volume 4. Seoul, South Korea. 368 pp.
Ratcliffe, B. C. 2003. The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 16: 1-506.