References:
Endrödi, S. 1985. The Dynastinae of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 800 pp., 46 plates.
Hwang, S. -M. -R. 2011. The Dynastini of the World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Nature & Ecology (Academic Series), Volume 4. Seoul, South Korea. 368 pp.
Lachaume, G. 1985. Dynastini 1: Dynastes - Megasoma - Golofa. Les Coleopteres du Monde 5. Science Nat, Venette, France. 85 pp, 29 plates.
Sternberg C. 1910. Neue Dynastiden arten. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles 54:33-44.